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British folk revival
The British folk revival incorporates a number of movements for the collection, preservation and performance of traditional music in the United Kingdom and related territories and countries, which had origins as early as the 18th century. It is particularly associated with two movements, usually referred to as the first and second revivals, respectively in the late 19th to early 20th centuries and the mid-20th century. The first included increased interest in and study of traditional music, the second was a part of the birth of contemporary folk music. These had a profound impact on the development of British classical music and in the creation of a "national" or "pastoral school" and led to the creation of a sub-culture of folk clubs and folk festivals as well as influential subgenres including progressive folk music and electric folk.
==Origins==
Social and cultural changes in British society in the early modern era, often seen as creating greater divisions between different social groups, led from the mid-17th century to the beginnings of a process of rediscovery of many aspects of popular culture, including festivals, folklore, dance and folk song.〔P. Burke, ''Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe'' (London: Billing, 1978), pp. 3, 17–19 and 28.〕 This led to a number of early collections of printed material, including those published by John Playford as ''The English Dancing Master'' (1651), the private collections of Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) and the Roxburghe Ballads collected by Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer (1661–1724).〔B. Sweers, ''Electric Folk: The Changing Face of English Traditional Music'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 31–8.〕 In the 18th century there were increasing numbers of such collections, including Thomas D'Urfey's ''Wit and Mirth: or, Pills to Purge Melancholy'' (1719–20) and Bishop Thomas Percy's ''Reliques of Ancient English Poetry'' (1765).〔 The last of these also contained some oral material and by the end of the 18th century this was becoming increasingly common, with collections including John Ritson's, ''The Bishopric Garland'' (1784) in northern England.〔
In Scotland the earliest printed collection of secular music was by publisher John Forbes in Aberdeen in 1662 as ''Songs and Fancies: to Thre, Foure, or Five Partes, both Apt for Voices and Viols''. It was printed three times in the next twenty years, and contained seventy-seven songs, of which twenty-five were of Scottish origin.〔M. Patrick, ''Four Centuries Of Scottish Psalmody'' (READ BOOKS, 2008), pp. 119–20.〕 In the 18th century publication included Playford's ''Original Scotch Tunes'' (1700), Margaret Sinkler's ''Music Book'' (1710), James Watson's ''Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems both Ancient and Modern'' 1711, William Thomson's ''Orpheus caledonius: or, A collection of Scots songs'' (1733), James Oswald's ''The Caledonian Pocket Companion'' (1751), and David Herd's ''Ancient and modern Scottish songs, heroic ballads, etc.: collected from memory, tradition and ancient authors'' (1776). These were drawn on for the most influential collection, ''The Scots Musical Museum'' published in six volumes from 1787 to 1803 by James Johnson and Robert Burns, which also included new words by Burns. The ''Select Scottish Airs'' collected by George Thomson and published between 1799 and 1818 included contributions from Burns and Walter Scott.〔M. Gardiner, ''Modern Scottish Culture'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 193–4.〕
With the Industrial Revolution the process of social stratification was intensified and the themes of popular music began to change from rural and agrarian life to include industrial work songs.〔G. Boyes, ''The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology, and the English Folk Revival'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), p. 214.〕 Awareness that older forms of song were being abandoned prompted renewed interest in collecting folk songs during the 1830s and 40s, including the work of William B. Sandys' ''Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern'' (1833), William Chappell, ''A Collection of National English Airs'' (1838) and Robert Bell's ''Ancient Poems, Ballads and Songs of the Peasantry of England'' (1846).〔W. B. Sandys, ''Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern'' (London, 1833); W. Chappell, ''A Collection of National English Airs'' (London, 1838) and R. Bell, ''Ancient Poems, Ballads and Songs of the Peasantry of England'' (London, 1846).〕
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